Sand mining threatens ways of life, from cambodia to nigeria. Inside the deadly world of indias sand mining mafia. Phosphate mineral deposits in nigeria with their locations. Assessing environmental impacts of inland sand mining in parts of ogun state, nigeria. Sand is a valuable resource for construction and other purposes, however sand mining often result in serious environmental problem such as land degradation, loss of agricultural lands and biodiversity as well as pollution resulting to various. Lawal 2011 discussed sand mining in nigeria and highlighted that the. The effect of mining is compounded by the effect of sea level rise. Study of sand mining and related environmental problems. Recent case studies of sand mining, utilization and environmental impacts in the niger delta tamunoene kingdom simeon abam president 1 and tamunotonye oba 2 1 institute of geosciences and space technology, rivers state university, nigeria, email. Consequently, sand dredging operations would still be very much relevant to the.
Dredging in nigeria was dominated exclusively by european dredging companies up until the 1990s. Nigerian mining sector brief 1 nigerian mining sector brief. Copy of environmental impact of soil and sand mining. Such situation still hasnt changed because the majority of funds are directed at oil mining, as its the most dominating sector of mining in nigeria due to its profitability. Impact of sand dredging activities on ecosystem and community. Instream sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as aquatic habitats.
Analysing impact of sand mining in ekiti state, nigeria using gis for. The depth of bitumen below the surface determines which extraction type is possible. The geological survey of nigeria has indicated the presence of over 34 minerals that are currently being mined in more than 450 locations spread all over the country. It is used in the manufacturing of abrasives, concrete and is mixed with salt to use on icy roads. The government of lagos has been trying to regulate the process.
Sand mining is causing environmental damage worldwide. Feb 27, 2017 sand mining is causing environmental damage worldwide. Twentyseven 27 inland sand mining sites were identified, fourteen 14 of. The ministry of solid minerals development msmd says that nigeria is blessed with 34 minerals including many kinds of sand, tantalite, zinc, silver and gold. Illegal sand mining in south africa romy chevallier1 execu tive su mm ary natural sand from estuary and coastal land is one of south africas most valuable resources. Mining and quarrying are the processes of extraction of naturally occurring stone or minerals such as coal, ores, crude petroleum and natural gas from the earth. The impact and effect of illegal mining galamsey towards. So, on this first visit of ddh to a nearby office of the msmd, many.
On the other hand, the number of studies focused on the impacts of mining and mineral processing. With the introduction of modern governance in which the government of the state is the. Application of electrical resistivity survey to sand mining at ewu near the coastal area of delta state, nigeria okolie e. Some of these companies are foreign while some are indigenous. Pwc corporate income taxes, mining royalties and other mining taxes2012 update 5 indonesia has tax incentives for speci. Lagos warns on illegal sand mining operations vanguard news. Nigerias abundant solid minerals constitute some of the largest known deposits in recent years under different categories. Abstract the paper discusses the imperatives of sand mining and the environmental impacts using selected case histories in the niger delta and elsewhere. Sand mining is the process of removal of sand and gravel where this practice is becoming an environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction. It is sure that all these activities ultimately end up in the degradation of the rivers. Sandmining along the shores is being blamed for major erosion which has been happening in nigeria. Top 20 list of mining companies in nigeria and their.
Even though it can be found in nigeria but adequate measures have not been put in place for the mining and processing of phosphate in the country. Assessing environmental impacts of inland sand mining in parts of. Sand mining is completely banned in the area because of its. Sand mining and dredging is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Pdf the impact of sand mining on riparian areas of eyaa. Environmental effects of sand and gravel mining on land and. The war against uncontrolled sand mining in northern nigeria advertisement by hussaini garba mohammed published date nov 1, 2017 9. Mining in nigeria is the process by which solid minerals and other useful substances are extracted from the earth. Ims and its affiliates are the largest group of dredge companies in the americas and have over 200 years of collective experience in the design and manufacture of hydraulic dredging systems. The mining of minerals in nigeria accounts for only 0. They operate within the mining sector of the nigerian economy. However, there has recently been a drastic increase in uncontrolled and unauthorised sand mining activities in rivers, valleys and estuaries throughout the country. Gis, mining, nigeria, minerals, pollution, environmental effects, policy. These operations are now monitored under the sand dune protection and management act.
Up to 300 trucks a day take their fill of sand at a mine on the sone river in bihar state. The domestic mining industry is underdeveloped, leading to nigeria having to import minerals that it could produce domestically, such as salt or iron ore. Rights to ownership of mineral resources is held by the federal government of nigeria, which grants titles to. A better understanding of sand budgets is necessary if the problems of river and coastal environments are to be solved.
Crumb tests results classify the soils as highly dispersive soils. Phosphate has many wide benefits in africa and global agriculture and because of this reason, it has been imported to the nigeria as it is of great demand by farmers. Indias construction boom is stripping large volumes of. This study was carried out to determine the environmental effects of sand and gravel mining in luku, north central nigeria, using field observations and. Sand mining in michigan is concentrated along the lake michigan shoreline with some mining taking place at inland locations. Continued dredging in the states shorelines have been described as an illegal activity capable of causing major environmental challenge for lagos in its bid for environmental sustainability. Jan 05, 2016 mining and quarrying are the processes of extraction of naturally occurring stone or minerals such as coal, ores, crude petroleum and natural gas from the earth. Stakeholders decry illegal sand mining, task government on. The physical and environmental impacts of sand mining article pdf available in transactions of the royal society of south africa august 2016 with 5,806 reads how we measure reads. Study of sand mining and related environmental problems along. Pdf assessing environmental impacts of inland sand. Phosphate mineral deposits africa has a wide range of phosphate minerals which are highly concentrated in phosphate rocks, and is found in nigeria and the states that have the deposits include sokoto, abia, imo, edo, anambra and ogun states it occurs in igneous and metamorphic rocks as a phosphate mineral such as fluorapatite ca5f po4 3, the deposits of sokoto. Illegal sand mining in south africa the green times. Excessive instream sand mining is a threat to bridges, river banks and nearby structures.
The concentration of toxic residues from zinc and geological hazards and ecological disturbances of destruction. In nigeria, sand mining is also a problem and is causing bridge and road foundations to become fragile. Sand is often used in manufacturing, for example as an abrasive or in concrete. Pdf current trends of nigerias dredging industry by dr. With the negation of the emerging issues in nigerias mining sector over the years 3033, this research will fill that void by using a mix scale approach of descriptive statistics and gis in analyzing the ecological impacts. Sand mining has led to deepening and widening of the lake poyang channel, the largest freshwater lake in china and a biodiversity reserve of exceptional importance, and to an increase in water discharge into the yangtze river. Speaking during an on the spot assessment of some sand mining sites at the ajahlekki axis of lagos state, fashola said the ministry was poised to. Both insitu and largescale surface mining operations are most nigerias bitumen, also known as oil sands, has not yet. Mining in nigeria the nigerian minerals and mining act, 2007 for long, west africa has been a destination of choice for mining executives the world over, with countries like burkina faso, ghana, ivory coast and niger being actively explored and mined. Gravelminingsedimentremovalbibliographypdf november 8, 2010. Among the different types of human interventions, mining of sand and gravel is the most disastrous one, as the activity threatens the very existence of river ecosystems. Assessing the ecological effects of mining in west africa. The increase in the demand for sand and gravel for construction and other purposes such as flood control has placed immense pressure on the environment where sand and gravel resources occur. Corporate income taxes, mining royalties and other mining.
Sand mining also affects the adjoining groundwater system and the uses that local people make of the. Instream sand mining is common practice becaa use the mining locations are usually near the markets or along the transportation route, hence reducing transportation costs. Sand mining dredgers create sand bars, restore beaches and more. Nigeria and illegal mining the pointer news online. In 1979, nigeria had initiated construction of the iron and steel projects which by 1985 were over 90% complete, including the national iron ore mining company at itakpe, two liquid steel. Sand mining is the process of extracting sand from an open pit, sea beaches, rivers and ocean beds, river banks, deltas, or inland dunes. The emphasis is on the issues, ecological and spatial analysis of.
Results of particle size distribution tests of soils within 2. Sand mining in south africa is controlled by a complex regulatory system that can be distilled into three main themes. Instream sand mining leads to depletion of sand on the stream bed ultimately deepening the stream channel. Mining is a major economic activity in many developing countries taulicorpuz, 1997.
It is also used on icy and snowy roads usually mixed with salt, to lower the melting point temperature, on the road surface. In nigeria, large quantities of sand are utilized for construction and reclamation, particularly in the niger delta. The lagos state government has announced its intention to ban all sand mining activities by april 30, 2018, with a view to forestalling flooding and continual degradation of the state ecosystem commissioner for energy and mineral resources, olawale oluwo who disclosed this today at a meeting with miners and other stakeholders held at adeyemi bero. The extracted sand can be used for various types of manufacturing, such as concrete used in the construction of buildings and other structures. Sand dredging can extract various minerals that contain useful elements like titanium. The trend has changed with many nigerian startup firms entering an industry seen as lucrative due to the high demand for river sharp sand, oilfield. Impact of sand mining and sea reclamation on the environment. Current prices of building materials in nigeria 2020 quotes. With the activities in the sector characterized by production and a growing environmental decline often overlooked. In addition, the legacy of mining has left thousands of sites in africa contaminated by mining and associated mine dumps such as tailings and slag material. Sand mining also adds to the water pollution problems in the rivers, especially in the urbanized areas. Continuous sand mining and dredging cause concerns. Effects of sandgravel mining in minna emirate area of nigeria on.
This study assessed the environmental impacts of inland sand mining in six selected local government areas of ogun state, nigeria. In this thesis, it is hypothesised that sand mining is subject to all three regulatory themes equally. As a result, artisanal or smallscale mining continued in ghana even after the introduction of modern exploration and mining methods to the country by the frenchman piere bonnat and others circa in 1870. Impact of sand dredging activities on ecosystem and. Nigeria is endowed with abundant mineral resources of international value, including gold, limestone, marble, gypsum, gemstones, iron ore, natural. Lagos state government announces plan to ban sand mining. Pdf the physical and environmental impacts of sand mining. All the sand dune operations except one mackinac county are in the lower peninsula, from mason county to the indiana border. Recent case studies of sand mining, utilization and environmental impacts in the niger delta.
In some places locals dig out riverbanks with shovels and haul it away with pickup trucks or donkeys. The environmental, economic, and social impacts of sand mining activities were studied at various sites on the island of unguja. Findings of the study highlighted that river sand was mined most from rivers near. Nigeria and illegal mining spread the love nothing underscores the urgent need to develop the nations mining sector than the recent revelation by the permanent secretary, ministry of mines and steel development, mr. Rights to ownership of mineral resources is held by the federal government. This may have influenced the lowering of the lakes water levels, which reached a historically low level in 2008. Built on sand it is not only african cement works which profit from the exploitation of.
History of mining and quarrying in nigeria richbon group. Sand mining is highly detrimental to the surrounding environment. Recent case studies of sand mining, utilization and. The city is bounded on the north and east by ogun state. Pdf excessive sand mining in the eyaa river, onne, rivers state, nigeria has led to severe cases of land degradation manifesting as river bank erosion. Stakeholders in nigerias mining industry have decried the spate of illegal sand mining in the country, stressing the need for government to strengthen the synergy between relevant institutions. Pdf assessing environmental impacts of inland sand mining in. Linus awute, to the effect that a whooping n8trillion has been lost as a result of illegal mining and exportation of. Nigeria is a developing country whose urban cities, particularly lagos, are expanding at a high rate, thus sand dredging will continue to be a major source for land reclamation purpose and building materials for housing development. Article pdf available september 2014 with 3,680 reads.
The study area amongst the 36 states in nigeria, lagos is the smallest state, o yet the most p pulous and economically vibrant city. Sand mining threatens ways of life, from cambodia to nigeria a global building boom is driving a high demand for sand, and some of it is getting sourced from sensitive river systems that people. In fact, mining communications, an international mining magazine, dubbed nigeria an exciting new mining destination. Pdf assessing environmental impacts of inland sand mining. The specific objective is to examine theproblems militating against the mining sector in nigeria and the strategies for its transformation of the economy towards diversification of nigerian economy. Any volume of sand exported from streambeds and coastal areas is a loss to the system. This research uses a mix scale approach of descriptive statistics and gis methodology in analyzing the ecological impacts of mining in. The war against uncontrolled sand mining in northern nigeria. In nigeria, solid minerals are discussed separately to that of petroleum and natural gas coded as division 11 of the isic, in view of the latters significance to the nigerian economy. Sand mining is the extraction of sand, mainly through an open pit but sometimes mined from beaches and inland dunes or dredged from ocean and river beds. An empirical analysis of the contribution of mining sector to. In malaysia, main source the of sand is from instream mining. This indicates that the longterm effects of sand deposition on rocky reefs may depend on a combination of factors, including the topography of the reef, water movement and sand dispersal, as well as the scale and frequency of the sand deposition.
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